What is Exchange Traded Fund – ETF?

Exchange Traded Fund

In this blog, we will briefly discuss about the ETFs and their different types with a comparison to Mutual Funds.

What are ETFs?

  • They are created to replicate an Index.
  • ETFs are listed and traded on the Stock exchanges.
  • There is option of putting limit orders.
  • We get the Delivery of ETFs in our Demat account.

Types of ETFs

  • Index ETF — Track the benchmark like NIFTY & SENSEX.
  • Gold ETF — Tracks precious metals like gold, silver, etc.
  • Sector ETF — Invests in stocks specifically in 1 sector.
  • Bond ETF — Invests in bonds like treasury bills, corp, etc.
  • Currency ETF — Gives exposure to foreign exchange (forex).
  • Global ETF — Invests in global stocks like Apple, Tesla, etc.

ETFs vs Mutual Fund

FeaturesETFsMutual Funds
FlexibilityThese can be bought and sold during trading hours on stock exchanges.It involves placing a request with the Mutual Fund house and generally takes a longer time.
NAVBought and sold at real-time NAVBought and sold at closing NAV
Lock-in period and Exit loadNot ApplicableApplicable
Expense RatioLow Expense ratioRelatively higher as they are usually actively managed

Few ETFs

  • Nippon India Etf Nifty Bank Bees
  • Nippon India Nifty 50 Bees Etf
  • Icici Prudential S&P Bse Sensex Etf
  • HDFC S&P BSE Sensex ETF
  • Nippon India ETF Nifty Next 50 Junior BeES
  • Nippon India Nifty Infrastructure Bees Etf
  • Motilal Oswal NASDAQ 100 ETF
  • Mirae Asset NYSE FANG+ ETF

Stock Market : Fundamental Analysis

Fundamental Analysis
Fundamental Analysis – Decoding the term

In this blog we will break what all constitutes fundamental analysis. Fundamental analysis is usually used by investors and is a useful skill to master.

Introduction - Fundamental Analysis

Annual Report

1. Qualitative

  • Corporate governance
  • Moat of the business
  • Competition landscape
  • Regulatory environment
  • Promoter background

2. Quantitative:

  • Profit & Loss
  • Balance Sheet
  • Cash Flow

Mindset of Investor

Trader: Design trade.

Speculator: Gut feel, Friend told.

Investor: Does deep down fundamental analysis.

How to read annual report of a Company

  • Download from the company website.
  • Includes financial and non-financial.
  • Figure out your main area
    1. Management Discussion & Analysis.
    2. General Shareholder Information.
    3. Consolidated Financial Statements.
  • Management Discussion & Analysis
    1. Business Strategy of the Company
    2. Growth Prospects of the Company
    3. Risk that the company faces.
  • Insight into corporate governance
    1. Director’s Background
    2. Director’s Remuneration
    3. Shareholding Pattern
  • Consolidated Financial Statements

Understanding P&L Statement

  1. Revenue (Top Line)
    Total Income = Revenue from operation + Other Income
  2. Expense: Raw materials + Salary paid to the Employees + Depreciation & Amortization + Interest Payments + Electricity & Rent + Power & Advertisement.
  3. Operating Profit = Revenue − Expenses
  4. Tax: Profit after Tax (PAT: Final Profit or Bottom Line)
    PAT = Operating Profit − Tax

Understanding Balance Sheet

  • Year on Year basis
  • Two broad sections: Assets & Liability (Both are sub-divided into Non-current and Current)
  • Non-Current Assets
    1. Have a long-term economic benefit to the company.
    2. Includes: Tangible Assets (Like — Property, Plant & Machinery) and Intangible Assets (Like — Trademark, Patent & Certificate, Financial Instruments)
  • Current Assets: Economic output within a year time frame.
    1. Inventories: Finished goods ready to be sold. (Dig Deep)
    2. Trade Receivables
    3. Repayment of Loan by others to them
    4. Cash & cash balance held with the Bank
  • Non-current Liabilities: Financial obligations which can be fulfilled within a few years.
  • Current Liabilities: This should be fulfilled within a year.
  • Equity Liabilities: 2 Parts — Share Captial + Reserves & Suplusses(Profit from P&L)

The Cash Flow Statement

  • It gives the exact cash position of a company
  • Three Activities a company can conduct: Operating + Investing + Financing. Sum total forms cash statement
  • Generate or consume cash
  • Operating Cash: Represent the core operation of the company.
  • Investing: Capital expenditure: New plant, acquisitions.
  • Generate Cash: Positive Cashflow
  • Consume Cash: Negative Cashflow
  • Financing: Borrowing from banks, paying out dividends.

The Connection between Balance Sheet, P&L and Cash Flow Statement

All three are deeply connected.

P&L: Revenue + Significant Expense + Effective Tax Rates+ PAT

Balance: Borrowings +Account receivables + Cash available at hand or banks

Cashflow: Cashflow from Balance + Investing + Financing Activities

Financial Ratio Analysis

Metric that helps in understanding the financial health of a company. It is divided into 3 broad categories — Profitability ratio, leverage (or solvency) ratio, and valuation ratio.

The profitability ratio helps us understand the profitability of the business. Profits are important to expand the business and pay dividends to shareholders. To analyze a company on the basis of this ratio, ensure that the PAT margin and EBIDTA Margin are trending upwards and are stable.

Some of the Profitability ratios are:

  1. Operating Profit Margins (OPM)
    Percentage of profit a company produces from its core operations. Calculated by calculating the EBITDA (Earning before Tax, the interest cost, depreciation & amortization) of a company.
    EBITDA = Total Income − Total Expenses
    OPM = EBITDA ÷ Revenue from operation
  2. Net Profit Margin
    Calculate the percentage of profit a company produces from its total revenue.
    PAT Number ÷ Total Income
  3. Return on Equity (ROE)
    The ratio measures the efficiency with which a company generated profits from each unit of shareholder’s equity or capital invested.
    The higher the ROE, the better it is (>25%). A company should not have much debt as it can skew the ROE number.
    It is different for different sectors. Like IT company has a very high ROE as they don’t have to re-invest more as compared to a manufacturing company which has a low ROE.
    ROE = Net Profit after Tax ÷ Shareholder’s Equity

The leverage in the context of the balance sheet refers to the debt that a company has taken from the bank to run its operation. It is also called the Solvency ratio. This ratio measures the operational efficiency of the business. Some of the leverage ratios are:

  1. Interest Coverage Ratio
    Helps us understand how much the company is earning wrt the interest burden it has.
    This ratio determines how efficiently a company repays interest on its outstanding debt.
    Higher the better(>1).
    Interest coverage ratio = EBIDTA ÷ Finance Costs (Interest Obligations)
  2. Debt to Equity Ratio
    D/E = DEBT ÷ EQUITY
    A measure of the total debt of the company against the total shareholder’s equity in the company.
    Minimum the best. Lower than 1 is better.

The valuation ratio compares the stock price with the valuation of the company to get a sense of how cheap or expensive a company’s stock is. Popular valuation ratios are:

  1. Price to Sales
    Helps to compare the stock price of the share with the sales per share. Higher associated with PAT margins.
    Ratio = Current Share Price ÷ Sales per share
  2. Price to Book
    Book value = Tangible Asset − Liabilities
    It is simply the amount of money that is left on the table after a company pays off all its obligations.
    Book value = Total Equity ÷ Total Outstanding Shares
    PB = Share Price ÷ Book value
    A higher price to book value ratio signifies that the firm is overvalued wrt the company’s equity/book value.
    A lower price to book value signifies that the firm is undervalued wrt the company’s equity/book value.
  3. Price to Equity
    Earnings per Share (EPS) = PAT ÷ Total Outstanding Shares
    PE = Share Price ÷ EPS
    For every unit of profit that a company generates the market participants are willing to pay PEx (times) more to acquire the share.
    Compare to industry-specific.

Compare the financial ratios of a company to its peers to have a better understanding.

How to value a company

Very elaborate process. The different techniques used

  1. Intrinsic valuation
    Discounted Cash Flow analysis Model (DCF): It considers Free cash Flow and Growth rate of cash flow and risk.
  2. Relative valuation
    Used when there is no positive free cash flow.
  3. Option based valuation

Investing Checklist

Gross Profit Margin > 20.

Revenue

EPS

PAT

Debt

ROE = 20–25 %

Business diversity of a company

Be reasonable with your expectations.

What is New Fund Offers – NFO?

New Fund offers in mutual funds are like IPO for shares, where the fund houses come up with an investment proposal and public can subscribe to it.

What are NFOs?

  • An NFO or New Fund Offer is offered by Asset Management Company (AMC).
  • It is an invitation to the investors to subscribe to the units of a newly launched fund.
  • These are launched to introduce a new investment theme that any of AMCs existing funds do not offer.
  • A contribution is made to the pool of investment that is yet to be invested by subscribing to NFO.

How to Analyse an NFO (Checklist)

  • Asset Management Company (AMC): Good experience (At least 10 years), Good growth in its Asset Under Management (AUM), Lower expense ratio, Good portfolio of existing funds.
  • Fund Manager
  • Investment Strategy: Does the offering meets your investment needs (theme).
  • Load: Different funds have different exit loads.
  • Risk and Return Potential.